![]() ![]() The following is a list of adjectival forms of cities in English and their demonymic equivalents, which denote the people or the inhabitants of these cities.ĭemonyms ending in -ese are the same in the singular and plural forms. JSTOR ( July 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message).Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.įind sources: "List of adjectivals and demonyms for cities" – news Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. c) comes at the end of a sentence and is separated from the word it modifies.This article needs additional citations for verification.b) interrupts a sentence as a nonessential element.a) comes at the beginning of a sentence.A participial phrase is set off with commas when it:.Participles and participial phrases must be placed as close to the nouns or pronouns they modify as possible, and those nouns or pronouns must be clearly stated.A participial phrase consists of a participle plus modifier(s), object(s), and/or complement(s).A participle is a verbal ending in -ing (present) or -ed, -en, -d, -t, -n, or -ne (past) that functions as an adjective, modifying a noun or pronoun.Tom nervously watched the woman, alarmed by her silence.(The phrase modifies Ken, not residents.) The local residents often saw Ken wandering through the streets.If a participial phrase comes at the end of a sentence, a comma usually precedes the phrase if it modifies an earlier word in the sentence but not if the phrase directly follows the word it modifies. The guy wearing the chicken costume is my cousin.The student earning the highest grade point average will receive a special award.Note that if the participial phrase is essential to the meaning of the sentence, no commas should be used: The church, destroyed by a fire, was never rebuilt.Sid, watching an old movie, drifted in and out of sleep.If the participle or participial phrase comes in the middle of a sentence, it should be set off with commas only if the information is not essential to the meaning of the sentence. Washing and polishing the car, Frank developed sore muscles.Arriving at the store, I found that it was closed.Punctuation: When a participial phrase begins a sentence, a comma should be placed after the phrase. This situation is an example of a dangling modifier error, since the modifier (the participial phrase) is not modifying any specific noun in the sentence and is thus left "dangling." Since a person must be doing the carrying for the sentence to make sense, a noun or pronoun that refers to a person must be in the place immediately after the participial phrase, as in the second sentence. Certainly, foot can't be logically understood to function in this way. ![]() In the first sentence, there is no clear indication of who or what is performing the action expressed in the participle carrying.
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